• A sluice gate with ten tappings across its face.
• For use with an Flume, not included. 
• Also how the pressure varies with flow rate and depth. 
• Enables students to investigate changes in pressure across the face of a sluice gate.

• A 300 mm wide 5 to 15 m long flume for student study and advanced research into a wide range of fluid flow topics. 
• A huge range of ancillaries is available to extend learning potential.
• The flumes have pressure measurement tappings at 0.25 metre intervals along the working section. 
• These tappings can connect either to a multi-tube manometer or to a 32-way pressure display.
• The flumes have a built-in re-circulating water supply connected to a digital flow metre for accurate measurements during experimentation.

• The ram pump is not a normal mechanically-operated pump.
• This changes the pump’s cycle times.
• A supply pipe fitted with an inner and outer valve.
• An air vessel to reduce hydraulic shock. 
• The outer valve has a weight platform, for loading with the weights provided. 
• A column of water in the supply pipe from a header tank, moving at low velocity, is similar to a ‘plunger’.
• The energy in the plunger forces water from the supply into a delivery pipe. 
• This exchanges the momentum of a large amount of water into energy that pumps a smaller amount of water up a hill or gradient.

The apparatus has three main parts: 

• Header tank 
• Pump and the interconnecting pipe work. 
• The header tank mounts to a suitable wall.

• Pressure gauge with visible working mechanism to demonstrate how this type of pressure gauge works and how to calibrate it.
• The apparatus is a gauge connected to a dead weight tester. 
• Gauge has a transparent dial that allows students to see the working mechanism. 
• The mechanism is a thin walled tube with an oval cross-section, bent into an arc. 
• One end of the tube is held rigidly.This end admits pressure. 
• To calibrate the gauge, students add weights to a platform on a dead weight tester. 
• The weights put a known force on to a piston. 
• They then remove the weights and record gauge readings. 
• The piston has a known area, so students can calculate the pressure.
• A flexible tube containing water transfers the pressure on the piston to the tube. 
• Students add the weights in increments, recording pressure readings from the gauge at each increment. 
• The other end of the tube, connected to a dial and pointer mechanism, is free to move. 
• When the pressure in the tube increases, it tries to straighten and so moves the pointer by an amount proportional to the pressure increase.  

• Manometers and Bourdon gauges are fundamental pressure-measuring devices. 
• They are intrinsic parts of more complex measuring instruments, such as pneumatic comparators and flow indicators. 
• It is important therefore that students fully understand their operation, characteristics and principles of calibration.
• It also includes a separate Bourdon gauge with dead-weight calibration apparatus, enabling clear observation of the Bourdon tube mechanism.
• Pressure Measurement Bench enables students to fully investigate and compare the operation and characteristics of inclined and U-tube manometers, and Bourdon-type vacuum and pressure gauges. 

The apparatus consists of two units:

• A manometers and gauges unit.
• A Bourdon pressure gauge calibration unit.

The manometers and gauges unit is a framed structure with a backboard, holding a:

• vertical U-tube manometer.
• U-tube manometer with an inclined limb.
• Bourdon gauge for measuring vacuums.
• Bourdon gauge for measuring positive pressure.
• syringe assembly for pressurising and reducing pressure.

• A low-voltage, variable-speed motor rotates the vessel about its vertical axis. 
• A speed-control unit, sited away from the main apparatus, controls the speed of rotation. 
• To produce a forced vortex, students add water to the rotating vessel until it is about half full. 
• A forced vortex forms.  
• The surface falls rapidly towards the centre and produces an air core. 
• Students measure the surface profile using the traverse probe.
• The traverse probe can move both horizontally and vertically, and both axes have linear scales. 
• Students can also measure distribution of total head by replacing the traverse probe with a Pitot tube. 
• After a few minutes the vortex becomes constant, and students can measure the surface profile using the traverse probe.

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• A pivoted clear plastic assembly which students use to find the centre of pressure of a totally or partially submerged plane surface. 
• Compact, self-contained and excellent for classroom demonstrations.
• A scale on the panel of the apparatus shows the head of water. 
• Consists of a vertical panel that holds a clear plastic quadrant, to which students add water. 
• The quadrant has engraved lines to help students keep the plane in a vertical or angled position. 
• Cylindrical sides of the quadrant have their central axis coincidental with the moment measurement axis. 
• The total fluid pressures on these curved surfaces therefore exert no moment about this pivot. 
• Therefore, the moment is only due to the fluid pressure on the plane test surface. 
• Students measure this moment using weights suspended from a level arm. 

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• Bench-top test set that allows students to investigate the operation and performance of a single centrifugal pump and two centrifugal pumps in both series and parallel.
• The pumps draw water from the clear acrylic reservoir.
• The apparatus comprises one variable speed centrifugal pump and one fixed speed centrifugal pump, together with two bearing-mounted motors driving each pump independently. 
• The water travels through a series of valves to be delivered to a flow and temperature measurement device. 
• Then returns to the reservoir for re-use, keeping water use to a minimum.
• Adjustable inlet and delivery valves allow students to create different operating conditions.

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