• A clear viewing window on the side of the turbine allows students to see how the turbine works.
• The Pelton Wheel is an impulse turbine with tangential flow. 
• It is good for applications with high pressure and low flow.
• The Pelton Wheel has a variable spear jet at its inlet.  
• The buckets are in pairs to correctly balance the wheel and to work efficiently. 
• This allows students to understand the effect of changing the velocity of the water that hits the buckets. 

The unit requires connection to a 6V DC source of EMF, a voltmeter and an ammeter.
This ‘Lost Volts’ apparatus provides a convenient solution for experimentally determining the internal resistance and the EMF of a cell.
The switch reduces the possibility of unnecessary drain of the battery and excessive heat being generated in the resistors.
The unit houses seven appropriately rated resistors and a push switch and is designed to remove any complications from wiring separate resistors. 

It is fitted with a telephone type data socket which interfaces with the flying lead attached to dedicated sensor units. 
There are 4mm sockets to monitor the input signal and the output voltage is measured by a standard multi meter. 
The Instrumentation Amplifier is a switched gain (5, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000) precision op-amp for use with sensors such as strain gauges, pressure gauges, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers etc. 
The 0V and +9V lines are available on the front panel for use in user designed circuitry.
Dimensions: 190 x 110 x 65mm overall

• It has two parts: the electric dynamometer, and a motor drive and display unit. 
• The dynamometer is an induction motor, trunnion-mounted to allow it to move freely against a strain gauge load cell.
• The Universal Dynamometer directly drives the Fluid Power machines. 
• This means that the user has no need to fit or adjust the tension of belts and pulleys. 
• The motor drive and display unit contains a variable-speed a.c. inverter drive and includes signal conditioning. 
• It digitally displays speed, torque and shaft power. 
• An inductive sensor measures the shaft speed. 
• The load cell measures the shaft torque. 
• A precision-machined base plate holds the motor and its sensors. 
• The base plate has location points to give accurate and repeatable alignment onto each Fluid Power module. 
• The coupling between the Universal Dynamometer and all Fluid Power machines is a jaw-type coupling with a rubber element. 
• The front of the motor drive and display unit has motor stop, start and speed controls. 
• Outlets on the back of the unit give power for instruments supplied with the Fluid Power modules. 
• This reduces the need for multiple mains connections and gives a neater and safer equipment arrangement. 

• Reciprocating compressors are common machines that provide compressed air for machines and tools. 
• These can be air tools, paint spray equipment, pneumatic actuators and control systems.
• Air enters the compressor, which then delivers it under pressure to the receiver. 
• A valve releases pressure from the receiver to atmosphere through an orifice.  
• The separate Universal Dynamometer measures the speed, torque and power absorbed by the compressor. 
• Speed is fully variable up to the maximum allowable for the compressor. 
• The valve sets the pressure in the receiver and hence the flow rate; the orifice allows an accurate measurement of the mass flow rate of the outlet air.
• The module includes a small compressor with an air receiver and instrumentation, all mounted on a robust, mobile trolley for ease of use.  
• These values help students to discover how the compressor flow rate relates to the pressure delivered by the compressor. 

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The tiny resistance changes can be monitored by a suitable system such as the Instrumentation Amplifier. 
The output lead from the Strain Gauge bridge interfaces directly with this unit. 
The Strain Gauge Sensor is bonded to a steel strip with the terminations brought out to a resistive bridge network mounted on the main support. 
A replacement blade/strain gauge is available separately.
Dimensions 280 x 160 x 65mm overall Monitor the resistance changes when the blade is under strain. Works with Instrumental Amplifier.

Resistance output changes between 0-5kΩ with linear position. Monitor movement in a variety of situations, such as expansion of metals.
A bolt-on screw thread jig (similar to that described in the Advancing Physics notes) enables calibration to be easily carried out.
The Linear Position Sensor is a precision linear potentiometer with almost limitless scope for inventive applications. 
The sensor is mounted on a sturdy acrylic base with connections brought out to 4mm sockets enabling the whole assembly to be clamped and used in any position. 
Dimensions: 180 x 70 x 40mm overall.

In this apparatus a number of fine wires are supported above a metal plate to form two electrodes separated by a small air gap. 
4mm terminals allow an EHT supply to be connected and when the potential across the gap reaches about 4500V occasional ionised particles cause a visible and audible spark to occur. 
This apparatus gives a memorable and dramatic demonstration of the ionising properties of alpha particles. 
Alpha particles have short range but are very effective at ionising air. 
An EHT power supply capable of providing a negative potential is required.
If an alpha source is brought near, the sparking dramatically increases showing the presence of ionised particles. 
The short range and poor penetrating properties of alpha radiation can be easily demonstrated.