Brush, Beaker, Nylon (Product Code: SLE/GBO/15) is a large-headed cleaning brush for beakers, with nylon bristles on a 40 cm long wooden handle. The 65 x 45 x 150 mm head covers a wide area of the beaker wall and base with each stroke, and the long handle keeps hands clear of dirty water and detergent in the sink. It comes in packs of 10 and is supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, a chemistry consumables supplier in India for schools, colleges and laboratories.

Specifications

Typical Use

Beakers collect some of the most stubborn residues in a teaching lab: crusts left after evaporating a solution, precipitates from salt reactions, and dye or stain films from biology practicals. With its broad head, this brush scrubs these deposits off the flat base and straight walls quickly, so a class set of beakers can be cleaned in one wash-up session. Because the head measures 65 x 45 x 150 mm, it suits medium and large beakers; compare it with the internal diameter of your smallest beakers, and use a smaller brush where it will not enter comfortably.

Soak dried residues in warm detergent solution first, then scrub, rinse with tap water and finish with distilled water. Avoid abrasive powders, which can dull glass and scratch plastic beakers. After use, rinse the brush, shake it out and hang it head-down so water drains away from the wooden handle; do not leave it standing in water. A pack of 10 allows one brush per sink or bench group, which is useful when schools replace a full beaker set for school practicals in India at the start of term.

Supplier

Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited sells this brush under its ScienceLab name from Ambala, Haryana, as a cleaning accessory for the beakers and other glassware it provides to laboratories in India and international markets. Company information is available on the ScienceLab profile page.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Beakers and brushes that go with this item in a lab wash-up:

• Beaker Brush — an alternative beaker brush listed in our beaker range.
• Glass Beaker — the glassware this brush is designed to clean.
• Bottle Brush — for narrow-necked bottles that the broad beaker head cannot enter.
• Brush, Bristle Test Tube Fan Shape — for test tubes washed in the same session.
• Wash Bottle LDPE with Narrow Mouth — for the final distilled-water rinse.

This brush is part of our Glassware Bottles category.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many brushes are in a pack?
Ten brushes per pack.

Will the head fit my beakers?
The head measures 65 x 45 x 150 mm, so it is intended for beakers with a wide enough opening. If you are unsure, send us the sizes of your beakers through the contact page.

How long is the handle?
The wooden handle is 40 cm long, which keeps your hand away from the beaker and the wash water.

Can it be used on plastic beakers?
Yes, nylon bristles are routinely used on both glass and plastic beakers. Use it with detergent solution rather than abrasive cleaners on plastic.

How should the brushes be stored?
Rinse, shake off the water and hang them to dry. Leaving the wooden handle soaking for long periods shortens its life.

Do you supply larger quantities for institutions?
Yes. Tell us how many packs you need and where they should be delivered; we supply buyers in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Request pricing for Brush, Beaker, Nylon via our contact page, or add the packs you need to the enquiry cart.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Brush, Bristle Test Tube Fan Shape (Product Code: SLE/GBO/16) is a test tube brush whose bristles spread into a fanned tip at the end of a galvanised steel wire handle. The fan of bristles reaches into the rounded bottom of a test tube, where residues from heating and precipitation reactions tend to collect, while the bristled length scrubs the walls. It is supplied in packs of 10 by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, and is well suited to school lab equipment bulk supply orders.

Specifications

Typical Use

Where a school salt analysis kit is used across several practical sessions, dozens of test tubes come back to the sink stained with charred residue, precipitates and dried reagent. A straight-ended brush tends to leave a ring of deposit at the curved base; the fanned tip is shaped to sweep that area. Wet the tube, add a little detergent solution, insert the brush and rotate it while moving it gently in and out, then rinse with tap water followed by distilled water.

Choose tubes whose bore matches the listed 16–25 mm brush diameter so the bristles make firm contact without forcing. Push gently: pressing hard against the base of a thin or still-warm tube can crack it. Let the tubes drain upside down on a rack with drying pegs, and rinse and dry the brush after the session so the wire handle stays in good condition.

Supplier

This brush is supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, the Ambala, Haryana company that trades as ScienceLab. For institutions that need vendor registration details, the company is registered under GSTIN 06AAECJ8618A1ZT and holds the Legal Entity Identifier 3358004HRD1JIVXKYX49. It serves laboratories in India and international markets; more on the company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Tubes, racks and alternative brushes used in the same cleaning routine:

• Brush Test Tube — a conventional test tube brush from our chemistry range.
• Test Tube Brush Nylon — an alternative with nylon bristles.
• Test Tubes with Rim — the glassware this brush is used to clean.
• Test Tube Rack With Drying Pegs — for draining washed tubes upside down.
• Bottle Brush — for reagent bottles cleaned in the same wash-up.

It is listed in our Glassware Bottles category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What diameter is the brush?
The listed diameter is 16–25 mm. If you are not sure it matches your tubes, send us their size through the contact page.

How many brushes come in a pack?
Ten.

What is the advantage of the fan-shaped tip?
The spread bristles at the end reach into the rounded base of the tube, where residue collects and where a plain-ended brush often misses.

Will the wire handle rust?
The handle is galvanised steel wire, which has a protective zinc coating. Rinsing and drying the brush after use helps it last.

Can it clean boiling tubes or other narrow glassware?
It can be used on any glassware whose bore suits the 16–25 mm brush diameter. For other sizes, ask us about alternative brushes.

What should a bulk or export enquiry include?
The number of packs, delivery location and any tubes or racks you want quoted together. We handle orders for India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Send your requirement for the Brush, Bristle Test Tube Fan Shape via the contact page, or add it to the enquiry cart with your other cleaning and glassware items.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Buchner Bungs (Black) (Product Code: SLE/CH/190) are black, 32 x 24 mm bungs that seat a Buchner funnel in the neck of a filter flask and form the seal needed for suction filtration. They save the job of boring a large hole through a rubber stopper to take the funnel stem, and they give a consistent fit each time the apparatus is assembled. Chemistry teachers and technicians use them in practicals where crystals or precipitates are filtered under reduced pressure. They come in packs of 10 and are supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

To set up suction filtration, clamp the filter flask, fit a bung into its neck, and push the stem of the Buchner funnel through the bung until it sits firmly. With a filter paper laid flat and wetted in the funnel and the side arm connected to a filter pump, the bung holds the vacuum so liquid is drawn quickly through the paper and the solid is left as a dry cake. Students preparing salts, recrystallising aspirin or collecting a precipitate all rely on that seal, so a leaking joint is usually the first thing to check if filtration is slow. A pack of ten lets each practical group keep its own, and spares are a handy part of the chemistry consumables a prep room keeps on the shelf.

Choose a bung that sits partly inside the flask neck rather than being forced right in. Rinse after use to remove solvent and residue, dry at room temperature, and store away from heat and sunlight.

Supplier

Buchner Bungs are supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, which does business as ScienceLab from Ambala, Haryana, providing educational and research labs with glassware, apparatus and the small fittings that go with them. The company profile gives an overview.

Related Chemistry Lab Equipment

The other parts of a suction filtration set-up:

• Buchner Funnel, 90 mm, Porcelain — the classic porcelain funnel the bung holds.
• Buchner Funnel, 90 mm, Polypropylene — a lighter plastic alternative.
• Conical Filter Flask — the side-arm flask the bung seals into.
• Filter Paper — laid in the funnel to retain the solid.
• Filter Pump, Borosilicate Glass — provides the suction through the flask side arm.

Browse the Chemistry Lab Equipment category for more filtration items.

Frequently Asked Questions

What size are the Buchner Bungs?
They measure 32 x 24 mm.

How many are in a pack?
They are supplied in packs of 10.

Will they fit my filter flask and funnel?
Compare the 32 x 24 mm size with the inside of your flask neck and the stem of your Buchner funnel. If you are unsure, send us the flask and funnel details through the contact page and we will advise.

Why use these instead of a bored rubber bung?
Boring a large, clean hole through a rubber bung is slow and often uneven. These bungs are made for the purpose, so the funnel seats and seals without any cutting.

How should they be cleaned?
Rinse them with water after each use, remove any solvent residue, and let them dry naturally before storing.

Can you supply them with a full filtration set for a school?
Yes. Add funnels, flasks, filter paper and pumps to your enquiry and we will quote everything together for delivery in India or abroad.

Request a Quote

Request a price for Buchner Bungs (Black) using the contact page, or add them to the enquiry cart alongside the rest of your filtration apparatus.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Bunsen Burner Kit (Product Code: SLE/CH/197) brings together a class set of the basic heating equipment needed to start simple chemistry experiments: five natural gas Bunsen burners, five ceramic centre wire gauzes, five bench mats and five cast iron tripods. With matching items for five workstations in one order, it is a quick way to equip a new room or replace worn pieces for Bunsen burner work in Indian schools. It is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

Each of the five stations is laid out the same way: the bench mat goes down first, the tripod stands on it, the ceramic centre gauze rests on top of the tripod, and the burner sits underneath, connected to the gas tap. Students can then heat water in a beaker, evaporate a salt solution in a dish, or warm a boiling tube held in a clamp, with every group using identical apparatus so results and timings are comparable. Because the tripod stand and wire gauze are matched to the burner, teachers spend less time finding parts that fit and more time on the experiment itself.

Before lighting, check the gas tubing for cracks and close the air hole; open it gradually once the burner is lit to get a blue flame. Let tripods and gauzes cool on the mats before packing them away, and replace a gauze if its ceramic centre becomes damaged.

Manufacturer

The kit comes from Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, a manufacturer of teaching-laboratory apparatus in Ambala, Haryana that sells under the ScienceLab brand to schools and colleges. Learn about the company on its profile page.

Related Chemistry Lab Equipment

Items that complete or extend a heating station:

• Bunsen Burner Tubing — to connect each burner to the gas supply.
• Bench-Armour Interlocking Bench Mat — interlocking 250 x 250 mm mats for extra bench protection.
• Gauze Wire — spare gauzes for replacing worn ones.
• Crucible & Beaker Tongs — for moving hot containers safely.
• Safety Goggles — eye protection for every student at the station.

Further burners and heating accessories are in the Chemistry Lab Equipment category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is included in the Bunsen Burner Kit?
5 natural gas Bunsen burners (145 mm height), 5 ceramic centre wire gauzes (150 x 150), 5 bench mats (230 x 230 mm) and 5 cast iron tripods (200 x 125 mm).

How many students does one kit serve?
It equips five workstations. For larger classes, order one kit per five stations or ask us to quote the exact number of sets.

Can the burners run on LPG?
They are listed as natural gas burners. If your lab uses LPG, tell us through the contact page before ordering so we can advise on a suitable burner.

Is gas tubing included?
Tubing is not listed in the kit contents. Bunsen Burner Tubing can be ordered separately.

Can individual items be bought as spares?
Many are listed on their own, such as burners, gauzes and tripods. Send a list of the spares you need and we will quote them.

What warranty applies?
Warranty terms are given with the quotation; please ask if you need them for your purchase file.

Request a Quote

To price one or more Bunsen Burner Kits, use the contact page, or add the kit to the enquiry cart with tubing and safety items.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Burette Clamp, Die Cast – Double Clamp (Product Code: SLE/GBu/11) is a die-cast retort clamp with a built-in boss head and two spring loaded burette jaws, so a single fitting mounts two burettes side by side on a retort stand rod. The jaws are furnished with rubber grips that close quickly around the glass and hold it steady without scratching, and the metal surfaces carry a high quality finish. Chemistry teachers and analysts looking for a dependable burette clamp for India’s school and college titration benches use it for volumetric analysis practicals. It is supplied as a pack of 10 and made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

Slide the built-in boss head onto the rod of a retort stand and tighten it at a height that leaves room for a conical flask on the base. Squeeze a spring loaded jaw open, set the burette in it, and let go: the rubber grips close on the glass and hold it upright. With two jaws on one clamp, students can run an acid burette and an alkali burette side by side for back titrations, or two partners can titrate at the same stand, which halves the number of stands needed on a crowded bench. Whichever retort or burette stand your lab uses, check that each burette hangs vertically before taking the first reading.

Keep the rubber grips clean and free of reagents, as spilled acid or alkali can harden them over time. Wipe the metal after practicals and store clamps dry. The pack of 10 is enough to equip a typical titration class with spares.

Manufacturer

Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited makes this clamp. The company works under the ScienceLab name from Ambala, Haryana, producing stands, clamps and other apparatus for chemistry and physics teaching. Details are on the ScienceLab profile page.

Related Chemistry Lab Equipment

Items that make up a titration station with this clamp:

• Burette Clamp, Die Cast – Single Clamp — the single-jaw version for one burette per stand.
• Retort Stand — the base and rod the clamp’s boss head fixes to.
• Burette, Class-B, with PTFE Key Stopcock — a burette to hold in each jaw.
• Conical Flask — receives the titrant under the burette tip.
• Burette Brush — for cleaning burettes between practicals.

More stands and clamps are listed under Chemistry Lab Equipment.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many clamps are in a pack?
The clamp is supplied as a pack of 10.

Do I need a separate boss head?
No. The boss head is built into the die-cast clamp, so it fixes straight onto a retort stand rod.

How many burettes does it hold?
Two, one in each spring loaded jaw.

What rod diameter and burette sizes does it accept?
These dimensions are not listed here. Send us your stand rod size and burette capacity through the contact page and we will confirm the fit.

Will the jaws scratch glass burettes?
The jaws are furnished with rubber grips, which hold the glass firmly while protecting its surface.

What warranty and delivery terms apply to tender orders?
Terms are set out in the quotation. Share your tender quantities and delivery points in India or abroad and we will respond with a full offer.

Request a Quote

For a quotation on the double burette clamp, reach us through the contact page, or add packs to the enquiry cart with stands and burettes.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Burette Clamp, Die Cast – Single Clamp (Product Code: SLE/GBu/12) is a die-cast retort clamp with a built-in boss head and a single burette clamp, used to hold one burette upright on a stand rod during titration. Spring-loaded jaws with rubber grips close on the burette quickly and hold it steadily, and the metal surfaces have a high-quality finish. It is supplied as a pack of 10 and manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as part of the chemistry lab equipment it makes in India for schools, colleges and overseas buyers.

Specifications

Typical Use

Slide the built-in boss head onto the rod of a retort stand and tighten it at a height that leaves the burette jet just inside the neck of the titration flask. Press the spring-loaded jaws open, place the burette between them and release; the rubber grips close around the glass so it stays upright without over-tightening. Because the boss head is part of the casting, there is no separate boss to lose, and the burette can be taken out and replaced in seconds when students refill or change solutions.

Check by eye that the burette hangs vertically before taking readings, and wipe the rubber grips clean if reagent is spilled on them. Supplied in packs of 10, the clamp is convenient for school lab equipment bulk supply, letting a department equip a full row of titration benches with matching fittings.

Manufacturer

The clamp is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, trading as ScienceLab, in Ambala, Haryana, India. The company was incorporated under CIN U29309HR2020PTC087597 and carries out production at its licensed factory in the HSIIDC Industrial Area at Saha, Ambala (Factory Licence AMB-ONLINE-CHD-J-414). For more on the company, see the company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

What you need to put this clamp to work:

• Retort Stand — the rod and base the clamp's boss head attaches to
• A-Shape Retort Stand Base — a stable base option for the stand rod
• Burette Clamp, Die Cast – Double Clamp — the twin version for two burettes on one rod
• Burette, Class-B, with PTFE Key Stopcock — a general-purpose burette to hold in the clamp
• Burettes with PTFE Needle Valve Stopcock — for finer flow control at the end point

More burettes and fittings are in the Glassware Burettes category.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many clamps are in one pack?
Each pack contains 10 clamps.

Do I need to buy a separate boss head?
No. The boss head is built into the die-cast body, so the clamp fixes straight onto a stand rod.

Can it hold two burettes?
No, this is the single type for one burette. For two burettes on one rod, choose the Burette Clamp, Die Cast – Double Clamp.

Will it fit the stand rods we already have?
The rod size range is not stated in our listing. Please contact us with your rod diameter and we will confirm.

Will the jaws mark or crack the glass?
The spring-loaded jaws are fitted with rubber grips, which cushion the burette while holding it firmly.

Is warranty cover offered?
Please ask about warranty terms when requesting your quotation so they are confirmed for your order.

Can you supply several packs for schools or distributors?
Yes, we supply multiple packs to institutions and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Tell us how many packs you need through our contact page, or add this clamp to the enquiry cart with stands and burettes for a single quotation.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double (Product Code: SLE/LR/17) is a polished hardwood stand and clamp used to hold two burettes side by side for titrations in school and college chemistry labs. Built on a 290 × 110 mm base with rods of approx. 460 × 16 mm, it lets one titration station carry two burettes at once, for paired students or two different titrants. It is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), an OEM manufacturer, at its own factory in Ambala, India, as a burette stand and clamp for Indian school labs.

Specifications

What Is the Double Hardwood Burette Stand Used For?

Two burettes on one stand make several routines easier: running a sample and its blank or duplicate side by side, carrying out a back titration with two reagents, or letting two students share a station during board practicals. Teachers also use it to demonstrate a rough and an accurate titration next to each other so the class can compare end points.

Polished hardwood will not rust, and a quick wipe removes most spills, which suits benches where dilute acids and alkalis are handled every day. Put a white tile under each flask to see the colour change, keep the stand away from open flames, and dry it rather than soaking it after cleaning. A wider 290 mm base spreads the load of two filled burettes.

What to Specify When Ordering

• The number of double stands needed.
• Whether some benches need the single hardwood version instead.
• Whether burettes or burette brushes should be quoted as well.

OEM Manufacturer

Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, the company behind ScienceLab, is the OEM (original equipment manufacturer) of this double hardwood burette stand and produces it at its own licensed factory at Saha, Ambala, Haryana, India. Schools, colleges, laboratory dealers and importers deal with the maker directly, so there is no reseller margin between the factory and the lab.

For more stands in the same finish or a replacement clamp, ask us. The ScienceLab profile has company details.

Related Stand Bases, Rods and Rings

Other items for a titration bench:

• Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single — the one-burette version on a 200 × 110 mm base.
• Burette — the glass burettes the stand holds.
• Brush Burette — for cleaning burettes between titrations.
• Burette Stand — a cast iron stand with black and white plates and a stainless rod.

See more in the Stand Bases, Rods and Rings category.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many burettes does the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double hold?
The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double holds two burettes side by side in its hardwood clamp. That lets a sample and a blank, or two different titrants, be run at the same station.

What are the dimensions of the double hardwood burette stand?
The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double has a base of 290 × 110 mm and rods of approximately 460 × 16 mm. The wider base keeps the stand steady when both burettes are filled.

Why choose a hardwood burette stand?
A hardwood burette stand such as the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double does not rust, has a polished surface that wipes clean, and is light enough to move easily between benches in a school chemistry lab.

How is the double stand different from the single hardwood stand?
The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double holds two burettes on a 290 × 110 mm base, while the single version holds one burette on a 200 × 110 mm base. Both use rods of approx. 460 × 16 mm.

Who manufactures the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double?
Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab) manufactures the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double as the OEM at its own licensed factory at Saha, Ambala, Haryana, India, and sells it factory-direct in India and international markets.

What does a quotation for the double stand need?
For a Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double quotation, give the quantity, any single stands or burettes to include, and the delivery location. Send the details through the contact page.

Request a Quote

Ask for pricing on the contact page or add this stand to the enquiry cart; the manufacturer replies with the quotation.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single (Product Code: SLE/LR/18) is a polished hardwood stand and clamp used to hold one burette upright over a titration flask at an individual student's place in chemistry practicals. Its compact 200 × 110 mm base, with rods of approx. 460 × 16 mm, fits narrow benches and lets a school equip every student position with its own titration set-up. It is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), an OEM manufacturer, at its own factory in Ambala, India, for school and college labs across India.

Specifications

What Is the Single Hardwood Burette Stand Used For?

In class 11 and 12 volumetric analysis, each student usually runs their own titration, and a single stand per place keeps everyone working independently. The burette is held in the hardwood clamp above a conical flask, the student adds titrant drop by drop, and the end point is read from the burette scale. The small base also makes the stand easy to carry to and from the store room and to line up on shelves.

Before filling, check that the burette hangs straight in the clamp so the reading is not distorted. Wipe acid or alkali splashes from the polished wood promptly, keep the stand clear of burners, and let it air-dry after cleaning. For demonstrations or paired work, a double stand may suit better.

What to Specify When Ordering

• The number of single stands, typically one per student place.
• Whether a few double stands are wanted for teacher demonstrations.
• Whether burettes, flasks or burette racks should be included in the quote.

OEM Manufacturer

The single hardwood burette stand is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited under its ScienceLab brand, as the OEM (original equipment manufacturer), at its own licensed factory at Saha, Ambala, Haryana, India. The company holds MSME (Udyam) registration UDYAM-HR-01-0003714 with manufacturing as its major activity, and overseas orders are shipped under its DGFT Importer-Exporter Code AAECJ8618A.

Class sets and repeat orders are quoted by the manufacturer itself, so ask us for a matching batch when your lab grows. See the ScienceLab profile for company background.

Related Stand Bases, Rods and Rings

Items that complete a student titration place:

• Burette — the graduated glass tube held in the clamp.
• Conical Flask — the flask placed under the burette tip.
• Burette Rack — for storing burettes after the practical.
• Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Double — the two-burette version on a 290 × 110 mm base.

The complete range is in the Stand Bases, Rods and Rings category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What size is the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single?
The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single has a 200 × 110 mm base and rods of approximately 460 × 16 mm. The small footprint lets one stand sit at each student place even on narrow benches.

Does the single hardwood stand include a clamp?
Yes. The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single is a stand and clamp made from polished hardwood, holding one burette. The burette itself is ordered separately, and we can quote it together with the stand.

Is the single hardwood burette stand suitable for class sets?
Yes. The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single is well suited to class sets because each student gets an independent titration place, and the compact stands are easy to store and carry between the lab and store room.

How should the hardwood stand be looked after?
Wipe spills off the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single straight away, dry it with a cloth, and keep it away from burner flames. Avoid soaking the wood in water, which can raise the grain and loosen joints.

Who manufactures the Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single?
The Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), the OEM, at its own licensed factory at Saha, Ambala, Haryana, India, and is supplied direct to institutions and dealers.

What details does a quotation for single stands need?
For a Burette Stand, Hard Wood, Single quotation, give the number of stands, any double stands, burettes or racks to add, and the delivery location in India or abroad, using the contact page.

Request a Quote

Request a price through the contact page or add the stand to the enquiry cart. Quotations are prepared by the manufacturer.

Last updated: 24 September 2026