• This heat exchanger is a set of metal plates separated by spacers (gaskets). 
• The metal plates have flow disturbers on their sides to help improve the heat transfer. 
• Plate heat exchangers are compact and therefore good for applications with limited space. 
• It is also easy to alter their design to change their capacity simply add or remove plates and spacers.
• The plates and gaskets have holes that make the hot and cold flow run on alternate sides of the plates, therefore transferring heat.  

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• This is the simplest of the optional heat exchangers. 
• It has two tubes, one inside the other. 
• Heat exchanger is in two equal parts joined by intermediate pipes. 
• This allows two extra measurement points at the midpoint. 
• One tube carries hot fluid, the other carries cold fluid. Heat transfers between them. 
• This gives more useful experiment results, to show more clearly how the fluid temperatures change during heat transfer. 

• The hot water system gives stable flow rates and temperatures. 
• The hot and cold fluid streams have different connectors to reduce errors.
• An electrically operated valve opens to let water in to fill the tank.  
• Thermocouples at the connectors measure hot and cold inlet and outlet fluid stream temperatures. 
• Some heatexchangers also have built-in thermocouples for extra temperature measurements. 
• Clear, multiline digital displays show the temperatures and flow rates of the fluid streams.  
• The tank has protection in case of over temperature, low water level and overfilling.
• It provides hot and cold water to the heat exchangers and all the instruments needed to measure their performance.
• All fluid connections to the optional heat exchangers are self-sealing quick connectors – for safety and simplicity.  
• The services module’s cold water circuit has a flow regulator and connection for an external mains water supply. 
• Both the cold and hot water system have precision needle valves and turbine flow meters to control and measure the flow rates. 
• All optional heat exchangers have the same nominal heat transfer area and wall thickness, so students can compare them directly. 

• A mobile frame contains all the parts of the test set. 
• An electric pump draws from a reservoir (included) to deliver water to an electrically-heated boiler. 
• The boiler includes a safety valve, water level gauge and ‘blow-down cock’. 
• A throttling calorimeter allows students to measure the dryness fraction of the steam. 
• Two mechanical gauges show the boiler and engine inlet pressures. 
• The boiler produces steam to turn a two-cylinder steam motor. 
• The equipment includes all instruments needed for the experiments. 
• A meter shows the electrical power supplied to the heaters in the boiler. 
• The used steam from the motor outlet passes through a mains water-cooled condenser, then down to a waste tank or to a measuring vessel. 
• These include a band-brake dynamometer with a digital torque and speed display, to measure and display motor speed, torque and power. 
• Thermocouples connect to a digital temperature display to measure and display temperatures at key points in the test set.
• Supply a stopwatch and thermometer to allow accurate measurement of the flow and temperature of the condensate.

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• A controller switches the power to an electric heater to keep a constant ‘bulk’ water temperature inside the vessel. A temperature controller maintains a constant water temperature for the test shape. 
• This gives multiple experiments in heat transfer. 
• Precision instruments measure the temperatures at key points on clear multi-line displays. 
• The test shapes are of different dimensions and material to give different heat transfer areas and thermal conductivities.  
• The student immerses the test shape and measures the transient temperature changes caused by the sudden immersion.
• They then immerse the other test shapes and compare the results to find how their different surface area, shape and thermal properties affect the heat transfer. 
• The vessel has a large volume of water compared to the test shapes, so their immersion has a negligible affect on the bulk temperature. 

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• Water to Air Heat Exchanger mirrors air heating and water cooling applications. 
• An electrically operated valve opens to let water in to fill the tank. 
• The air exits the duct through a handoperated slide-valve. 
• The tank has protection in case of over temperature, low water level and overfilling. 
• A precision needle valve and flow meter control and measure the water flow rate. 
• Students use the orifice and valve to measure and control the air flow. 
• Thermocouples at the water connectors and in the air duct measure hot and cold inlet and outlet fluid stream temperatures. 
• For safety and simplicity, the heat exchangers have selfsealing quick connectors for their water supply. 
• The cooling air passes down a vertical duct containing an orifice plate which connects to a differential pressure transducer. 
• The air then passes through a fixed speed centrifugal fan and along a horizontal duct containing the heat exchanger.
• It fits on a bench top and includes a hot water supply, a cooling air duct and all instruments needed for tests on cross-flow heat exchangers. 
• The heat output of the design produces good results without greatly affecting the temperature of a reasonable size classroom or laboratory. 

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• The apparatus consists of a rigid frame containing an insulated pressure vessel (boiler) and an instrumentation and control unit. 
• The electrically-heated boiler holds water. 
• The boiler includes a special-purpose glass window. 
• A pressure relief valve limits the maximum boiler pressure. 
• The frame also has extra space for the optional interface. 
• As the water temperature increases, so does the pressure in the boiler. 
• A transducer and a thermocouple measure the boiler pressure and temperature. 
• A digital display shows the values in both SI and traditional units. 
• For sound engineering practice a mechanical Bourdon type gauge also displays the pressure. 
• It works independent of the electrical supply so the user can always see the pressure in the vessel. 
• The electrical heater has a thermostat to limit the maximum heater temperature. 
• It allows students to see the internal construction of the vessel, to see the boiling process and to check the water level. 
• For safety, the equipment includes high temperature pipe to direct any vented steam away from the working area to a suitable drain.
• The design includes all possible safety and low maintenance features, specially for educational use. 

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• The apparatus consists of two frame mounted interconnected transparent and rigid vessels, with one vessel equipped for operation under pressure and the second vessel under vacuum. 
• The vessel is pressurised and vacuumed using an electrical air pump together with valves and tappings. 
• Provides accurate real-time data capture, monitoring and display, calculation and charting of all the important readings on a computer.
• The vessels are independent and can also be used together to enable the study of various thermodynamic processes. 

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