Fluid Mechanics

• Dimensions: 300 mm x 300 mm x 300 mm (approx)
• Weight: 9 kg 
• For use with the Positive Displacement Pump Module this pump is ideal for student experiments, demonstrations and projects. 
• The vane pump is a positive displacement pump. 
• It has a fixed displacement balanced vane that delivers a given volume of fluid (oil) for each full rotation of the pump shaft. 
• The pump rotation determines the flow direction, but you only test the pump in one direction, determined by the Universal Dynamometer. 
• Self-sealing connections reduce oil spillage and simplify installing the pump to the pump module.

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• For use with the Positive Displacement Pump Module this pump is ideal for student experiments, demonstrations and projects. 
• The gear pump is a positive displacement pump. 
• It has double gears that deliver a given volume of fluid (oil) for each full rotation of the pump shaft. 
• The gear rotation generally determines the flow direction, only test the pump in one direction, determined by the Universal Dynamometer. 
• Self-sealing connections reduce oil spillage and simplify installing the pump to the pump module.

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• Axial flow pump, mounted in a mobile frame with full instrumentation, including a digital pressure display.
• Common motive-power source for a cost-eff ective solution.
• Fully variable speed and fl ow, for range of tests.
• Self-contained, has its own water reservoir and needs no external water supply.
• Allows students to study and test a common type of rotodynamic pump, safely and at a realistic scale.
• Part of Modular Fluid Power range which connects with the Universal Dynamometer 
• Connection plate with schematic diagram shows the water flow circuit and how parts of the module connect to each other.

• The Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine. 
• The turbine has adjustable guide vanes that control the water flow in the turbine. 
• They also direct the water at an angle to the blades of the impeller. 
• It is the most common turbine in the world, due to its ability to work for a wide range of applications. 
• Its moving part is a radial impeller. 
• Students learn how the guide vane setting affects how the turbine works. 
• The turbine has a clear viewing window and draft tube so that students can see the turbine working.

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• A clear viewing window on the side of the turbine allows students to see how the turbine works.
• The Pelton Wheel is an impulse turbine with tangential flow. 
• It is good for applications with high pressure and low flow.
• The Pelton Wheel has a variable spear jet at its inlet.  
• The buckets are in pairs to correctly balance the wheel and to work efficiently. 
• This allows students to understand the effect of changing the velocity of the water that hits the buckets. 

• It has two parts: the electric dynamometer, and a motor drive and display unit. 
• The dynamometer is an induction motor, trunnion-mounted to allow it to move freely against a strain gauge load cell.
• The Universal Dynamometer directly drives the Fluid Power machines. 
• This means that the user has no need to fit or adjust the tension of belts and pulleys. 
• The motor drive and display unit contains a variable-speed a.c. inverter drive and includes signal conditioning. 
• It digitally displays speed, torque and shaft power. 
• An inductive sensor measures the shaft speed. 
• The load cell measures the shaft torque. 
• A precision-machined base plate holds the motor and its sensors. 
• The base plate has location points to give accurate and repeatable alignment onto each Fluid Power module. 
• The coupling between the Universal Dynamometer and all Fluid Power machines is a jaw-type coupling with a rubber element. 
• The front of the motor drive and display unit has motor stop, start and speed controls. 
• Outlets on the back of the unit give power for instruments supplied with the Fluid Power modules. 
• This reduces the need for multiple mains connections and gives a neater and safer equipment arrangement. 

• Reciprocating compressors are common machines that provide compressed air for machines and tools. 
• These can be air tools, paint spray equipment, pneumatic actuators and control systems.
• Air enters the compressor, which then delivers it under pressure to the receiver. 
• A valve releases pressure from the receiver to atmosphere through an orifice.  
• The separate Universal Dynamometer measures the speed, torque and power absorbed by the compressor. 
• Speed is fully variable up to the maximum allowable for the compressor. 
• The valve sets the pressure in the receiver and hence the flow rate; the orifice allows an accurate measurement of the mass flow rate of the outlet air.
• The module includes a small compressor with an air receiver and instrumentation, all mounted on a robust, mobile trolley for ease of use.  
• These values help students to discover how the compressor flow rate relates to the pressure delivered by the compressor. 

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• Centrifugal pumps working alone or in series or parallel. 
• Two bearing-mounted motors drive each pump independently. 
• The pumps draw water from the integral reservoir. 
• The water travels through strainers and a series of valves to be delivered to a Venturi meter. 
• The water then returns to the reservoir for re-use, keeping water use to a minimum. 
• Instrument and control modules fit into a frame above and behind the pumps. 
• The differential pressure across the Venturi gives flow rate. 
• Each pump has its own inlet valve. 
• A two-way valve in the system allows the pumps to work alone, in parallel or in series.
• It also allows students to see cavitation and understand the use of a Venturi meter and differential pressure measurement to find flow rate.
• Each pump has an electronic Motor Drive to control its speed, a load cell to measure torque and a sensor to measure pump speed. 

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• Static pressure tappings upstream and downstream of the test pipe connect to a water manometer or a hand-held digital pressure meter. 
• The back panel holds the manometer with calibrated scales. 
• The water manometer includes an air valve and hand-pump. 
• The pressure meter measures higher pressures in the turbulent flow region. 
• The hand-pump adjusts the datum of the water manometer. 
• A precision needle valve downstream of the test pipe accurately controls flow rate.
• The water manometer measures lower differential pressures in the laminar and lower turbulent flow regions. 
• To perform experiments, students stand the apparatus on the hydraulic bench and fit the Header Tank. 
• For low flow rate experiments, the Header Tank supplies the test pipe. 

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• A manometer panel holds the manometer tubes vertically. The base has adjustable feet. 
• A common manifold above the tubes has an air pressure-control valve. 
• The apparatus includes a horizontal Venturi tube, a downstream flow-control valve and manometer tubes. 
• Water enters the Venturi meter and its flow-control valve sets the flow rate. 
• This valve is downstream, so it does not cause any upstream turbulence. 
• The manometer panel has a scale behind the manometer tubes for direct reading of the water levels in the tubes.
• Plastic materials and corrosion-resistant finishes throughout the equipment protect against corrosion. 
• To adjust the datum water level in the manometer tubes, students connect a hand-pump to the air valve above the manometer tubes. 

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• The Viscosity and Particle Drag apparatus is a simple falling-sphere viscometer. 
• The self-standing unit holds two glass tubes filled with the test fluids, for comparisons and to minismise draining and refilling of the fluids after experimentation. 
• They drop the sphere into the test fluid at the top of the glass tube. 
• They then use a stopwatch to measure the time taken for the sphere to fall a set distance down the tube.
• The back plate has a low-voltage backlight so students can easily see the test spheres through the fluid. 
• Students fill the two tubes with their chosen test fluid, then select a sphere of the correct density and size for the fluid. 
• The valve system minimises the fluid loss from the tube and helps when draining the tube after the tests are complete. 
• The shapes must fit through the valve at the base. 
• Suitable test fluids include water, thin machine oil, castor oil and motor oil. 

• The balance assembly is an articulated parallelogram, linked to a load cell. 
• The balance assembly is mounted on a carrier that runs along the rails of the Flume.
• The parallelogram resists bending moments so that only the force on the model is transmitted to the load cell.
• The display unit displays the force measured by the load cell. 
• This unit is hung on the flume.

• The Cavitation in a Venturi Unit offers a clear and easy-to-understand display of cavitation. 
• Students create clearly visible cavitation in a Venturi and take measurements of flow and pressure. 
• They gain practical experience of using the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation. 
• A thermometer shows the temperature of the water in the tank.
• Pressure gauges show the pressure upstream of the Venturi and the pressure at the Venturi throat.  
• The pump includes electrical protection and the water tank includes a splash cover to prevent water spillage.
• It consists of a robust frame which holds a water tank, an electric pump, a flow-control valve, a flow meter and a Venturi.
• To calculate flow and pressure, different methods of creating cavitation and causes of error.  
• The apparatus is a self-contained, mobile unit

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• A clear culvert models, one of circular and one of rectangular section. 
• Enabling the observation and calculation of both open and orifice flow in a culvert.
• A clear acrylic 60° trapezoidal flume to enable the measurement of flows with the emphasis on low flow situations.

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• The module consists of a fan and instrumentation, all mounted on a robust, mobile trolley for ease of use. 
• The Universal Dynamometer measures the speed, torque and power absorbed by the fan. 
• Speed is fully variable up to the maximum allowable for the fan. 
• Slide-valve controls the airflow rate. The fan impeller is interchangeable. 
• Air enters the fan through a shaped nozzle, used to measure the airflow rate. 
• Air then moves past a slide-valve and out to atmosphere. 
• The fan housing has an interlock so the motor cannot run unless the user assembles the fan correctly. 
• This allows the user to safely change fan impellers. 
• Supplied with the fan are three different impellers for more tests on fan performance. 

• A clear acrylic.
• Self-regulating siphon that demonstrates the automatic adjustment of its discharge over a wide range while maintaining a mostly constant water level upstream. 
• The siphon passes a mixture of air and water.

• To be used with either the Spillway with Tappings. 
• The apparatus consists of a long apron and a selection of toothed and solid blocks that can be arranged in any combination on the apron. 
• For the study of the dissipation of energy.

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• The apparatus is made up of a coil of copper pipe 60 m long. 
• A second adjustable valve is at the discharge from the pipe, downstream of the solenoid valve. 
• The inlet connects to your water supply and the discharge end has a solenoid valve. 
• A bypass valve discharges to waste at the inlet end of the pipe. 
• This regulates the mean pressure in the pipe before the solenoid valve shuts.
• It also allows students to calibrate the pressure transducer. 
• An electronic pressure transducer near to the valve measures the pressure fluctuations in the pipe when the solenoid valve shuts. 
• A Bourdon pressure gauge fitted between the solenoid valve and the downstream control valve shows the pressure in the system. 

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• This kit includes two long lengths of smooth-walled pipe with multiple pressure tappings and a Pitot traverse. 
• The pipes connect to the inlet, so it becomes a suction fan for tests on the pipes.
• A Pitot traverse fits at the end of one long pipe to allow you to measure the velocity profile across a pipe and calculate the theoretical flow.  
• The pipe tappings connect to a multiway pressure display. 
• The multiple pressure tappings along the long pipes allow you to measure the pressure drop and therefore losses along them. 
• A probe mounts in an assembly so that it moves axially through an additional nozzle to measure its axial pressure profile. 
• This allows a comparison with the flow found from the nozzle and the orifice plate included with the kit.
• The kit includes three different fittings: two elbows and a bend, that each fit between the long pipes to test the pressure drop and therefore loss caused by the fitting. 

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• A pair of clear culvert models. 
• One of circular and one of rectangular section. 
• Enabling the observation and calculation of both open and orifice flow in a culvert.

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• A pair of sediment walls and four differently profiled bridge piers. 
• The apparatus is used to observe the increased flow velocity.
• The streamline curvature between the piers. 
• Also scouring of the stream bed.

• A sluice gate with ten tappings across its face.
• For use with an Flume, not included. 
• Also how the pressure varies with flow rate and depth. 
• Enables students to investigate changes in pressure across the face of a sluice gate.

• A 300 mm wide 5 to 15 m long flume for student study and advanced research into a wide range of fluid flow topics. 
• A huge range of ancillaries is available to extend learning potential.
• The flumes have pressure measurement tappings at 0.25 metre intervals along the working section. 
• These tappings can connect either to a multi-tube manometer or to a 32-way pressure display.
• The flumes have a built-in re-circulating water supply connected to a digital flow metre for accurate measurements during experimentation.

• The ram pump is not a normal mechanically-operated pump.
• This changes the pump’s cycle times.
• A supply pipe fitted with an inner and outer valve.
• An air vessel to reduce hydraulic shock. 
• The outer valve has a weight platform, for loading with the weights provided. 
• A column of water in the supply pipe from a header tank, moving at low velocity, is similar to a ‘plunger’.
• The energy in the plunger forces water from the supply into a delivery pipe. 
• This exchanges the momentum of a large amount of water into energy that pumps a smaller amount of water up a hill or gradient.

The apparatus has three main parts: 

• Header tank 
• Pump and the interconnecting pipe work. 
• The header tank mounts to a suitable wall.

• Pressure gauge with visible working mechanism to demonstrate how this type of pressure gauge works and how to calibrate it.
• The apparatus is a gauge connected to a dead weight tester. 
• Gauge has a transparent dial that allows students to see the working mechanism. 
• The mechanism is a thin walled tube with an oval cross-section, bent into an arc. 
• One end of the tube is held rigidly.This end admits pressure. 
• To calibrate the gauge, students add weights to a platform on a dead weight tester. 
• The weights put a known force on to a piston. 
• They then remove the weights and record gauge readings. 
• The piston has a known area, so students can calculate the pressure.
• A flexible tube containing water transfers the pressure on the piston to the tube. 
• Students add the weights in increments, recording pressure readings from the gauge at each increment. 
• The other end of the tube, connected to a dial and pointer mechanism, is free to move. 
• When the pressure in the tube increases, it tries to straighten and so moves the pointer by an amount proportional to the pressure increase.  

• Manometers and Bourdon gauges are fundamental pressure-measuring devices. 
• They are intrinsic parts of more complex measuring instruments, such as pneumatic comparators and flow indicators. 
• It is important therefore that students fully understand their operation, characteristics and principles of calibration.
• It also includes a separate Bourdon gauge with dead-weight calibration apparatus, enabling clear observation of the Bourdon tube mechanism.
• Pressure Measurement Bench enables students to fully investigate and compare the operation and characteristics of inclined and U-tube manometers, and Bourdon-type vacuum and pressure gauges. 

The apparatus consists of two units:

• A manometers and gauges unit.
• A Bourdon pressure gauge calibration unit.

The manometers and gauges unit is a framed structure with a backboard, holding a:

• vertical U-tube manometer.
• U-tube manometer with an inclined limb.
• Bourdon gauge for measuring vacuums.
• Bourdon gauge for measuring positive pressure.
• syringe assembly for pressurising and reducing pressure.

• A low-voltage, variable-speed motor rotates the vessel about its vertical axis. 
• A speed-control unit, sited away from the main apparatus, controls the speed of rotation. 
• To produce a forced vortex, students add water to the rotating vessel until it is about half full. 
• A forced vortex forms.  
• The surface falls rapidly towards the centre and produces an air core. 
• Students measure the surface profile using the traverse probe.
• The traverse probe can move both horizontally and vertically, and both axes have linear scales. 
• Students can also measure distribution of total head by replacing the traverse probe with a Pitot tube. 
• After a few minutes the vortex becomes constant, and students can measure the surface profile using the traverse probe.

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• A pivoted clear plastic assembly which students use to find the centre of pressure of a totally or partially submerged plane surface. 
• Compact, self-contained and excellent for classroom demonstrations.
• A scale on the panel of the apparatus shows the head of water. 
• Consists of a vertical panel that holds a clear plastic quadrant, to which students add water. 
• The quadrant has engraved lines to help students keep the plane in a vertical or angled position. 
• Cylindrical sides of the quadrant have their central axis coincidental with the moment measurement axis. 
• The total fluid pressures on these curved surfaces therefore exert no moment about this pivot. 
• Therefore, the moment is only due to the fluid pressure on the plane test surface. 
• Students measure this moment using weights suspended from a level arm. 

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• Bench-top test set that allows students to investigate the operation and performance of a single centrifugal pump and two centrifugal pumps in both series and parallel.
• The pumps draw water from the clear acrylic reservoir.
• The apparatus comprises one variable speed centrifugal pump and one fixed speed centrifugal pump, together with two bearing-mounted motors driving each pump independently. 
• The water travels through a series of valves to be delivered to a flow and temperature measurement device. 
• Then returns to the reservoir for re-use, keeping water use to a minimum.
• Adjustable inlet and delivery valves allow students to create different operating conditions.

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